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“There is a tree – not, it is true, common in France, but frequently observed in Scotland,” says a botanical work of 1609.

“From this tree these leaves are falling; upon one side they strike the water and slowly turn into fishes upon the other they strike the land and turn into birds”. (Taylor 1963)

How living things formed and how they functioned was built up by the gradual destruction of false and misleading beliefs which the people of the Middle Ages regarded as satisfactory explanations.
 

Observations
What are observations?
Quality factors

Questions arising from 
observations


Hypothesis formation
Introduction
Independent variable
Dependent variable
A good hypothesis


Experimental design
aspects

Control Group
Variables
Measuring variables

Sample size
Replication
Errors in Experiments


Ethics in experimental
design

Animals in experiments
Ethical obligations

Types of research
Introduction
Observational studies
Experimental investigations
Research study


Data Analysis
Organisation of data
Analysis of data
R
eport writing